Part 4: Progestagens.

Application progestagens (hormonal preparations for the termination bittch heat or sexual hunting at dogs) is justified only in cases when it is necessary to detain the heat, for example before trip on an exhibition or planned viscous and only for completely healthy young animal when short application of hormones is supposed. Preparations of this group are analogues of a hormone of an organism - a progesterone. There are tablets and drops, injections.
Negative consequences from applying these preparations is much more higher, than positive:
1) Stimulation of growth of tumours
2) Development of a diabetes
3) The most often complication at use progestagens - an inflammation of a uterus, and sometimes happens enough one tablet for development of this dangerous disease. The uterus is filled with pus and it should be removed immediately.

Part 3: Choose the right method of castration for the female.

Castration bitches carry out by the removal female sexual ferri lactas - ovaries or destroy ways of receipt ootids in a body of a uterus. At fastening these ways bitch remains fruitless with a normal sexual cycle, i.e. regular heating. For the heat termination delete ovaries, and it is desirable to delete during castration ovaries and a uterus since the uterus after castration has no functional value, but can inflame, that will cause of repeated operation.
Negative consequences for bitches:
1) According to researches at ovaries removal at bitches up to the first heat the risk of development of a cancer dairy ferri lactas further is reduced in 10 times.
2) The animal can remain the puppy or a kitten for all life. Children's expression of a muzzle will be kept, there will be a children's wool...
3) The rare consequence of the bitch's castration in weight more than 25 kg - involuntary utination - meets at 1 dog from thousand.

Part 2: Choosing the right method of castration for the male.

Now we need to understand with methods of castration and to pick up suitable for ours pet. At the seed tubes fastening on which spermatozoons we leave from spermary shall block it a way and we shall make impossible fertilisation but as spermary will stay in an organism, they will continue to allocate sexual hormones in blood and sexual behavior will be kept. Easier speaking, the cat will as mark furniture in the house, to shout at night and to search for cats, but posterity to receive from him already begins impossible.
It is necessary to note also display of aggression at animals. The nature of it is very complex, but depends on a hormonal condition of an animal. If a level of testosterone in blood of a cat, for example, sharply to lower, having removed speramries his desire to fight, mark surrounding subjects will be gone, i.e. the sexual behavior will disappear and aggression will decrease. At dogs it is territorial and hierarchical aggression (it is usual her level at bitches much below), i.e. fights with other dogs, aggression in relation to owners, is more often from it children and older persons in family where there is a dog suffer.
After spermary removal dogs, smells on a grass, cats and other dogs as before involve, but desire «to find out attitudes» with relatives disappears, they stop interesting in bitches during the heat period. The majority of dogs continues to lift a paw at trees and columns, is especial at castration in the age of is more senior than year. They are capable to fight and stand for themselves, but the desire to get involved in fight will be gone. Animals become quiet, the some people (but not all ! ) a little bit phlegmatic. This operation is rather simple, is carried out under the general anesthesia, therefore the animal does not feel a pain and does not test unpleasant sensations. In general, at such method of castration of a dog and cats cease to annoy the owners undesirable behaviour, thus character of them does not vary almost.
Negative consequences of castration:
1) Adiposity (at some dogs and cats after castration appetite raises, it arises if not to limit them in meal)
2) The increased risk of development of urolithic illness (urolithic illness in 7 times meets among castrated cats is more often)
3) Dogs can have illness - cryptorchism. It when one or both of the spermaries are not in sac, and in a belly cavity (in a stomach) or under a leather (in inguinal channel). In norm spermaries should develop at lower temperature, than a body temperature and if they do not fall in sac where the temperature makes 32-33. With, remain underdeveloped, but can function. Thus such spermaries in 10 times turn to tumours is more often. Attentively examine your pet and if will notice attributes of cryptorhism immediately address to the veterinary.

Part 1: Castration, general datum, methods.

People concern to a question of castration of pets differently, but always this theme causes many disputes, disagreements and doubts among owners of cats and, especially, dogs. One are convinced, that thus solve a number of problems and facilitate a life to the favourites, others prove the opposite and assure what to interfere with the nature will be not humane. Who is right?
Let's try to understand.
The word "castration" has taken place from latin "castratio" - is the termination of sexual activity by removal sexual ferri lactas surgical methods or infringements of their function by other ways. (the Veterinary Encyclopaedic Dictionary). To surgical methods of castration males concern removal spermary and fastening / cutting seed tube - ways receipt from them spermatozoons. For shefemales delete ovaries, the uterus or is tied up with ways on which ootids move ahead in a uterus. A method of castration choose depending on the purpose - to make an animal fruitless, to remove preventing owners sexual behaviour or there are any medical indications.
The sexual maturity, i.e. ability to duplication at cats comes at 6-7 monthly age, at cats - in 6-12 months, for dogs are characteristic about the same terms: bitches has the first heat usually during the period from 6 till 12 months, dogs are capable to duplication of 6-month's age. There are also pedigree features, for example, at dogs of large breeds, Eskimo dogs, Siberian husky, the British cats usually sexual maturity comes a little bit later - from 8 up to 18-month's age. The period between heats can vary, but in norm is constant for each dog - from 5 till 12 months, fluctuations of a sexual cycle more than for a month testifies to disease. Heat duration at dogs of 11-28 days, on the average 3 weeks. At cats other picture: heat 3-6 days every month last, but normal it is considered also other variant - 3-5 day time breaks at constant attributes heat.

HAND RAISING & SUPPLEMENTING PUPPIES

THE NEWBORNS
The first 36 hrs of a puppies life is the critical period nutritionally. Healthy puppies will nurse right away and then every few hours. The pups must nurse from their mother within 12 hours of birth to receive her antibodies against disease. After 12 hours, their stomachs will not absorb antibodies. After this first 12 hours, if the mother does not have enough milk, or if her litter is too large, then the pups' diet can be supplemented with commercial puppy milk replacer. Cow's milk is nutritionally inadequate for puppies.
Supplemental heat should only be used for orphans or if the room's temperature is too cold for the mother's comfort. A newborn pup can't generate body heat until it develops the shiver reflex, at about two and half weeks of age. Orphan pups need an environmental temperature of about 97°F (36°C) the first week, in the mid 80's the second week, then in the 70's. If the mother is there to keep the pups warm, high temperatures are unnecessary and will make her uncomfortable.
If you have more than one puppy to raise, provide separate boxes and beds. With separate quarters you can monitor bowel eliminations and food intake.
Orphan puppies less than one week old must be stimulated to urinate and eliminate. This is accomplished by gentle massage of the abdomen and genital area with a piece of cotton wool or tissue, dampened with warm water.
HELPFUL HINTS
-Aspirate the pups' throat and nostrils at birth
-Always pre-boil water and cool prior to using in formulas.
-A Healthy pup feels warm, and has a full belly of milk. He twitches and never lies perfectly still. (Activated sleep) - The muscles are getting stronger during activated sleep
-A Puppy in trouble will feel cold to the touch. Lays limp and refuses to nurse. This puppy needs your assistance in hope for survival.
-If you have another nursing mother you can give her the litter but you will still need to help her by bottle feeding or tube feeding the pups.
-Never feed a chilled puppy if a pup's temperature is below 94 degrees - they should NOT be nursing and you should NOT be tube feeding
-There is always the danger of a pup inhaling milk into its lungs and then getting pneumonia. Make sure your nipple hole is not too large or too small. Stick a hot paper clip in the nipple. Hold it upside down - the milk should drip out, but never flow.
-The pup may have little bubbles on the side of its lips, but the milk should not run out of the sides of the mouth.
-Encourage the pup by wiggling the nipple across his lips.
-Burp puppies after feeding, to reduce any gas they may have.
-You will know if he is getting the milk by measuring the amount in the bottle and after burping can you see if he has a full belly or if he needs more.
-Calorie and fluid intake must be adjusted so puppies consume adequate formula to meet nutrient needs for growth, but not over or under consume fluid volume.

Making up formulas and feeding a litter of puppies is very time consuming. It seems like as soon as you're finished, its time to begin again.
To find more information click here